Marjane Satrapi, the French-Iranian artist, film-maker and graphic novelist whose acclaimed memoir Persepolis helped reshape international perceptions of Iran, has died at the age of 56.

In a statement provided to French news agency AFP, relatives said she had “died of sadness” after the death of her husband, the Swedish producer Mattias Ripa.

Ripa died on 8 April last year. Later that month, a series of messages posted on Satrapi’s Instagram account revealed the phrase: “For I lost the love of my life.”

Tributes have been paid to Satrapi from across French politics and culture following news of her death. President Emmanuel Macron said Satrapi was “a great artist who turned her Iranian childhood into a universal tale,” adding: “With her childlike perspective, her irony, her tenderness, her inner demons, the author created a moving world with which readers identified.”

Writing on X, Yaël Braun-Pivet, president of the French National Assembly, said: “Marjane Satrapi had turned her work into an act of freedom. With Persepolis, she had given a face and a voice to the Iranian revolution, proudly carrying the fight for women’s freedom and dignity. France loses an immense artist. To her family, to her loved ones, I offer my most sincere thoughts.”

Born in 1969 in Rasht, Iran, near the Caspian Sea, Satrapi was raised in Tehran by her father, an engineer, and her mother, a dress designer. As a teenager, she left Iran after her parents sent her to Europe to continue her education, hoping to spare her from the restrictions imposed under the Islamic Republic. She eventually settled in France, arriving in 1994 and later becoming a French citizen in 2006.

Throughout her life, Satrapi was a vocal opponent of Iran’s clerical establishment.

In 2000 she published Persepolis, a comic book memoir that became an international publishing phenomenon. It told the story of a rebellious and outspoken young girl navigating the upheaval in Iran after the shah is overthrown in 1979 and the establishment of the Islamic Republic. The story follows the protagonist’s attempts to understand the country’s violence and ideological control before she is sent alone to Europe at the age of 14.

Satrapi told the Guardian in 2024 that Persepolis was about making western readers reflect on the humanity of Iranian people, that, “Oh, they’re actually human beings like us”.

The memoir sold millions of copies, established Satrapi as one of the most widely read Iranian authors in the world, and its success challenged many western assumptions about Iranian society and culture.

Satrapi has described how she initially had little expectation that Persepolis would reach publication. At the time, she was still an arts student in Strasbourg and had relatively limited professional experience in comics. “With Persepolis, I didn’t even think I’d find a publisher,” she told El País in 2020. “I thought I’d make 50 photocopies for my friends to read.”

Satrapi later co-directed the animated film adaptation of Persepolis, which became an international hit and earned her a place in Oscar history as the first woman nominated for the Academy award for best animated feature.

She has said that the purpose of her comic books was to reassure young Iranians that they were being heard and supported by the outside world. “If they kill you and the whole world doesn’t care, how is that? This is the whole thing I’m asking: just recognise this.”

Of her choice of medium, she said in a 2012 interview that: “Drawing – it’s the first language of human beings, before writing, before even talking, before words.”

Satrapi went on to direct five feature films, including Radioactive (2019), starring Rosamund Pike as the pioneering scientist Marie Curie.

After leaving comics for years, in 2024, she returned to the medium, coordinating Woman, Life, Freedom, a collaborative graphic work bringing together 17 Iranian and international comic artists alongside academics and researchers. The book examined the protest movement that emerged after the death in custody of Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old Kurdish-Iranian woman detained in 2022 for allegedly failing to comply with Iran’s mandatory headscarf rules.

Discussing the book, Satrapi said: “The only thing I can do is cultural work … This book is a message to the Iranian people to say, ­listen, you are not alone.”

Margaret Atwood told the Guardian: “I was saddened to hear of the death of Marjane Satrapi. Persepolis made a huge impact. It depicts the same kinds of struggles – but in real life – that the characters in The Handmaid’s Tale and The Testaments undergo. The repression of ordinary women in a theocratic regime, the secret rebellions, the depression, the courage scraped up to carry on; but I only wrote about it, while Marjane Satrapi lived it. Right now, with Iran in the midst of yet another war and control over the population intense, her work is more pertinent than ever.”

French journalist Tristane Banon paid tribute to Satrapi on X, writing: “Marjane … you won’t call me to wish me a happy birthday and “celebrate those little cheeks that I adore”… and I can’t get over it. You were freedom and determination. Courage too. One day, the Iranian people will be free, with you and as much as you.”

Valérie Pécresse, president of the Regional Council of Île-de-France, said: “Great sadness upon hearing of the passing of my friend Marjane Satrapi. She was a great artist, comics creator, painter, film-maker, but above all a passionate and committed woman.

“From Persepolis to her biopic of Marie Curie, Radioactive, she established herself as a major voice in the defense of democracy and women’s rights in Iran and around the world. The death of her companion had deeply affected her. I think with affection of her loved ones and her family.”

Nikki Giovanni, the award-winning US poet who emerged as one of the leading voices of the 1960s Black Arts movement, has died aged 81.

Giovanni died on Monday following her third cancer diagnosis, her friend, the author Renée Watson, told NPR in a statement.

“We will forever be grateful for the unconditional time she gave to us, to all her literary children across the writerly world,” said the poet Kwame Alexander.

Born Yolande Cornelia Giovanni Jr in 1943 in Knoxville, Tennessee, but dubbed Nikki by her older sister, Giovanni studied at Fisk University in Nashville. There, she met several Black literary figures including Amiri Baraka and Dudley Randal before studying poetry at Columbia University School of the Arts.

She published her first two poetry collections in 1968 – Black Feeling, Black Talk and Black Judgement – starting a career that would span more than 30 books including Those Who Ride the Night Winds and Bicycles: Love Poems.

She became part of the burgeoning Black Arts movement which included figures such as Maya Angelou, James Baldwin, Thelonious Monk and Audre Lorde. As a civil rights activist and politically engaged writer, Giovanni also attracted the attention of the FBI; she told the Pittsburgh Press that she used to invite the agents monitoring her into her home “for coffee because I knew they wanted to check out the place”.

Writing accessible poetry about Black liberation, as well as poetry on love, gender and the small pleasures of family life, Giovanni became a public figure. She appeared on the Black arts show Soul! in conversation with the likes of Baldwin and Muhammad Ali, edited many volumes of poetry and essays, championed hip-hop and wrote several children’s books including Rosa, an award-winning biography of Rosa Parks.

Giovanni taught English at Virginia Tech from 1987 until 2022. In 2007, one of her former poetry students murdered 32 people in the Virginia Tech shooting. Giovanni later said she had asked the university to remove him from her class in 2005, saying she felt he was menacing.

Asked about the shooting, Giovanni said: “Killing is a lack of creation. It’s a lack of imagination. It’s a lack of understanding who you are and your place in the world. Life is an interesting and … good idea.”

When she died, she was working on a final poetry collection, as well as a memoir titled A Street Called Mulvaney.

“I used to think I’m mellowing,” Giovanni told the Guardian in February. “You know, getting to be an old lady and I’m really cool. And then I realised, no, there’s still quite a bit of anger.”

Giovannie was diagnosed with lung cancer in the 1990s and underwent several surgeries. She is survived by her son Thomas, her granddaughter, and her spouse, Virginia Fowler, an English professor who became Giovanni’s biographer before they married.